The Most Important Decryption Machine Ever Built

How was the "unbreakable" enigma cracked? Sponsored by Incogni - use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off your annual subscription. If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV For the latest science news, and for an exclusive bonus Q&A with the director of this video, sign up to the Veritasium newsletter - https://ve42.co/Newsletter For early access to work in progress videos join our patreon https://ve42.co/VePatreon ▀▀▀ 0:00 Who invented Enigma? 4:16 How did Enigma work? 10:51 The Secret Spy Mansion 13:10 The First Codebreakers Who Broke Enigma 16:45 Trying To Decrypt An Enigma Message 22:35 Who was Alan Turing? 26:30 How Enigma’s Flaws Were Exploited 34:27 Breaking Enigma - The Bombe 41:39 The Naval Enigma 44:35 What did Alan Turing do after Bletchley Park? ▀▀▀ A huge thanks out to Sir Dermot Turing, Jonah Weinbaum, Andrew Fryer, John Pickles, Peter Hoath, Robert Dowell and all of the experts at Bletchley Park & The National Museum of Computing that helped make this video possible! Shout out to Jared Owen for letting us use his 3D model of the Enigma machine! Check out his amazing video: https://youtu.be/ybkkiGtJmkM?si=fNtZF6StWhiIxRtB Bletchley Park is a museum and heritage attraction open daily to visitors. To plan your visit and book tickets, head to: https://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/plan-a-visit/ The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park is an independent charity housing working historic machines. Plan your visit here: https://www.tnmoc.org/plan-your-visit ▀▀▀ Can you decrypt this unbroken Naval Enigma message? Let us know in the comments! JCRSAJTGSJEYEXYKKZZSHVUOCTRFRCRPFVYPLKPPLGRHVVBBTBRSXSWXGGTYTVKQNGSCHVGF Universal Enigma simulator by Daniel Palloks: https://ve42.co/EnigmaSim ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/BletchleyRefs Visual References: https://ve42.co/BletchleyVisRefs ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Patreon mp22, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Steven, Sweet_Nemo, Tair Aurmont, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee ▀▀▀ Writers: James Moore, Gregor Čavlović, Darius Garewal & Emilia Gyles Producer & Director: James Moore Additional Directing: Darius Garewal Presenters: Gregor Čavlović & Derek Muller Editor: Peter Nelson Additional Editing: James Stuart & Trenton Oliver Camera Operators: Rob Newman & Darius Garewal Animators: Emma Wright, Domonkos Józsa, Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet, Rokas Vikšraitis & Aleksandrs Loginovs Illustrator: Jakub Misiek Researchers: Darius Garewal & Gabe Strong Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Daniel Ellacott & Ben Powell Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh & Anna Milkovic Executive Producers: Gregor Čavlović, Emilia Gyles, Henry van Dyck & Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound & Sprach Zarathustra - Conducted by Philip Milman (https://pmmusic.pro/)


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Sovereign Citizen Thought Court Orders Were Just RECOMMENDATIONS!!! Pro Se FAIL!!!

Hey guys, and welcome to today's video! Today we have three hearings to cover with two sovereign citizens in custody and the third on his way to being in custody for not following court orders while on probation. My livestream talking about the PPO - www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmZGR-otoJg Lindsey Duneske Playlist - https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbne4o_I5IZ0sf-wa_WsX5Gu9sgm8SHbz&si=rg2Ab84SSI7uoGz0 To Support The Channel : Team Skeptic Fund : https://paypal.me/TeamSkepticYT Become A Channel Member : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCawl3BI9azbMB5DQqJNpRrg/join Join Our Patreon : https://www.patreon.com/TeamSkeptic #Court #CourtCam #TeamSkeptic


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Who's Hiding Inside a Mexican Jumping Bean? | #DeepLook #Shorts

Often sold as novelty items and exported worldwide, Mexican jumping beans are actually the seed capsules of a shrub (Sebastiania pavoniana) that have been taken over by the tiny larvae of an attractive grey moth (Cydia saltitans). Learn more in our episode "Why Did the Mexican Jumping Bean Jump?" 👉 https://youtu.be/3lkdidU79TY #youtubeshorts #mexicanjumpingbean #deeplook


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Skeptics Guide #1106

The Skeptic’s Guide to the Universe Skepticast #1106 September 17th 2026 With guest rogue Jesse Boulard Segment #1. News Items News Item #1 – How Dangerous is AI https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqgk5e2j0gg8o News Item #2 – Memories of 9-11 https://theconversation.com/your-memories-of-how-you-heard-about-9-11-may-well-be-wrong-weve-been-asking-the-same-people-what-they-remember-for-25-years-291820 News Item #3 – Solar is Booming https://theness.com/neurologicablog/solar-is-booming/ News Item #4 – GPT-6-Astra https://openai.com/index/gpt-6-astra/ News Item #5 – Frisson https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisson Segment 2. Who’s That Noisy Segment #3. Your Questions and E-mails Question #1: Educating Children My best friend, Bonbon, and I have been long time listeners of your show. It is truly a highly of our week. We are so grateful for the time and energy that you all devote into improving skeptical literacy for all. We were both very impressed (and not surprised) with how intelligent your daughter is (I understand there are many kinds of intelligence). I am a new mother and thinking about how to educate my daughter is a top concern of mine. (Of course, I plan to raise her as a skeptic.) I was wondering what your thoughts are regarding public school vs private school and if you feel there is a difference in education/long term "success"? I imagine if you are a motivated parent at home, you can certainly overcome some of the deficiencies, but I'm curious if you have come across any data regarding this and if you are comfortable sharing, what was your approach when making these decisions for your own children. Thank you again for all that you do! Cheers, Yasmina Segment #4. Science or Fiction Each week our host will come up with three science news items or facts, two genuine, one fictitious. He will challenge our panel of skeptics to sniff out the fake – and you can play along. Item 1: A new study concludes that Venus likely had a large moon early in its life, which was likely destroyed by a later collision. Item 2: Researchers are now in the home testing phase of a robotic arm, fused to the bone with muscle and nerve integration allowing for natural control and sensory feedback – a truly bionic limb. Item 3: A new analysis of human ancestor fossils finds that Australopithecus species remained significantly arboreal in their locomotion, while Homo species were fully terrestrial. Segment #5. Skeptical Quote of the Week “Physics is like sex: sure, it may give some practical results, but that’s not why we do it.” ― Richard P. Feynman


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How Does Jupiter Heat It's Moon?

How Jupiter heats its moon, just be stretching and squeezing it.


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Crash Course Astronomy Marathon • Full Series

In Crash Course Marathons, we’re revisiting the series you love, in long-form videos that cover entire subjects from back to front. Crash Course Astronomy covers outer space, from the stars and nearby planets we can see with the naked eye, to the mysterious dark matter no one can see at all. With detours to exoplanets, deep time, and even our own planet Earth, we’ll explore the universe — what we know, how we know it, and what’s still left to discover. Episode 1 - Introduction 00:00:00 Episode 2 - Naked Eye Observations 00:11:43 Episode 3 - Cycles in the Sky 00:22:32 Episode 4 - Moon Phases 00:31:32 Episode 5 - Eclipses 00:40:50 Episode 6 - Telescopes 00:50:28 Episode 7 - The Gravity of the Situation 01:02:01 Episode 8 - Tides 01:11:11 Episode 9 - The Solar System 01:20:30 Episode 10 - The Sun 01:29:56 Episode 11 - The Earth 01:41:08 Episode 12 - The Moon 01:50:54 Episode 13 - Mercury 02:00:11 Episode 14 - Venus 02:09:58 Episode 15 - Mars 02:20:14 Episode 16 - Jupiter 02:29:53 Episode 17 - Jupiter’s Moons 02:40:04 Episode 18 - Saturn 02:50:00 Episode 19 - Uranus & Neptune 03:01:40 Episode 20 - Asteroids 03:13:22 Episode 21 - Comets 03:24:18 Episode 22 - The Oort Cloud 03:35:37 Episode 23 - Meteors 03:46:42 Episode 24 - Light 03:57:27 Episode 25 - Distances 04:07:27 Episode 26 - Stars 04:18:12 Episode 27 - Exoplanets 04:28:18 Episode 28 - Brown Dwarfs 04:39:34 Episode 29 - Low Mass Stars 04:50:04 Episode 30 - White Dwarfs & Planetary Nebulae 05:01:32 Episode 31 - High Mass Stars 05:12:07 Episode 32 - Neutron Stars 05:23:34 Episode 33 - Black Holes 05:35:44 Episode 34 - Binary and Multiple Stars 05:47:22 Episode 35 - Star Clusters 05:58:36 Episode 36 - Nebulae 06:08:25 Episode 37 - The Milky Way 06:19:54 Episode 38 - Galaxies, Part 1 06:30:20 Episode 39 - Galaxies, Part 2 06:41:40 Episode 40 - Gamma-Ray Bursts 06:56:28 Episode 41 - Dark Matter 07:09:46 Episode 42 - The Big Bang, Cosmology Part 1 07:20:58 Episode 43 - The Big Bang, Cosmology Part 2 07:33:34 Episode 44 - A Brief History of the Universe 07:44:10 Episode 45 - Deep Time 07:55:59 Episode 46 - Everything, The Universe...And Life 08:10:27 Image Credits: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oMAztUCtaYRNxPT_hYYQ4CXSn9bZcwX829nLZITpfJw/edit?usp=sharing *** Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Leah H., Michael Maher, Allison Wood, NassauLinda, Emily Beazley, Katrix , AThirstyPhilosopher ., Elizabeth LaBelle, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Roger Harms, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, DexcilaDou, Johnathan Williams, b.sav, Barbara Pettersen, Toni Miles, Chelsea S, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Shruti S, Steve Segreto, Jason Terpstra, Marcus Bruun, David Fanska, Rie Ohta, Chuck Smith, Brandon Thomas, UwU, Matthew Fredericksen, Dalton Williams, Gina Mancuso, Martin G. Diller, Mike Cumings, Jr., Scezumin, ., Nathan Taylor, Stephen McCandless, Perry Joyce, Barrett, John Lee, Joseph Ruf, Laurel Stevens, Jennifer Killen, Tandy Ratliff, Krystle Young, Constance Urist, Katie Dean, Thomas, Trevin Beattie, Breanna Bosso, Rizwan Kassim, Kristi Wallace Knight, Jason Buster, team dorsey, Siobhán, Samantha, Evol Hong, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Indija-ka, Alan Bridgeman, Ian Dundore, Pietro Gagliardi, Luke Sluder, Scott Harrison, Eric Koslow, Les Aker, Wai Jack Sin, Erminio Di Lodovico, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Alex Hackman, Emily T, Caleb Weeks, Matt Curls, Bernardo Garza, Triad Terrace, Tanner Hedrick, Ken Penttinen, Jason Rostoker __ Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Bluesky - https://bsky.app/profile/thecrashcourse.bsky.social CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids


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Everything you need to know about bird flu - Benjamin Anderson

Dig into the science of avian influenza to find out what makes the H5N1 virus so dangerous, and its potential to jump to humans. -- While avian influenza used to infect mostly birds, in the past few years, it’s been found in over 70 mammal species, including cats, dairy cows, foxes, seals, and bears. Each new mammalian infection gives the virus more chances to drift or shift, spill over into humans, and ignite a pandemic. So, what is it about H5N1 that makes it so frighteningly flexible? Benjamin Anderson investigates. Lesson by Benjamin Anderson, directed by Anton Bogaty. Support Our Non-Profit Mission ---------------------------------------------- Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop ---------------------------------------------- Connect With Us ---------------------------------------------- Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram ---------------------------------------------- Keep Learning ---------------------------------------------- View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/everything-you-need-to-know-about-bird-flu-benjamin-anderson Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/everything-you-need-to-know-about-bird-flu-benjamin-anderson/digdeeper Animator's website: https://antonbogaty.com ---------------------------------------------- Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, and Cyrus Garay.


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