How Dangerous Are Non-Stick Pans?

What happens to your body if you eat Teflon from a non-stick pan? #pfas #foreverchemicals


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What happens to these balloons when you open the valve?

Take a balloon and fill it with lots of air. Take another one and fill it with less air. Now connect the two via a valve. What do you think will happen when you open the valve?


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The Most Important Decryption Machine Ever Built

How was the "unbreakable" enigma cracked? Sponsored by Incogni - use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off your annual subscription. If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV For the latest science news, and for an exclusive bonus Q&A with the director of this video, sign up to the Veritasium newsletter - https://ve42.co/Newsletter For early access to work in progress videos join our patreon https://ve42.co/VePatreon ▀▀▀ 0:00 Who invented Enigma? 4:16 How did Enigma work? 10:51 The Secret Spy Mansion 13:10 The First Codebreakers Who Broke Enigma 16:45 Trying To Decrypt An Enigma Message 22:35 Who was Alan Turing? 26:30 How Enigma’s Flaws Were Exploited 34:27 Breaking Enigma - The Bombe 41:39 The Naval Enigma 44:35 What did Alan Turing do after Bletchley Park? ▀▀▀ A huge thanks out to Sir Dermot Turing, Jonah Weinbaum, Andrew Fryer, John Pickles, Peter Hoath, Robert Dowell and all of the experts at Bletchley Park & The National Museum of Computing that helped make this video possible! Shout out to Jared Owen for letting us use his 3D model of the Enigma machine! Check out his amazing video: https://youtu.be/ybkkiGtJmkM?si=fNtZF6StWhiIxRtB Bletchley Park is a museum and heritage attraction open daily to visitors. To plan your visit and book tickets, head to: https://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/plan-a-visit/ The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park is an independent charity housing working historic machines. Plan your visit here: https://www.tnmoc.org/plan-your-visit ▀▀▀ Can you decrypt this unbroken Naval Enigma message? Let us know in the comments! JCRSAJTGSJEYEXYKKZZSHVUOCTRFRCRPFVYPLKPPLGRHVVBBTBRSXSWXGGTYTVKQNGSCHVGF Universal Enigma simulator by Daniel Palloks: https://ve42.co/EnigmaSim ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/BletchleyRefs Visual References: https://ve42.co/BletchleyVisRefs ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Patreon mp22, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Steven, Sweet_Nemo, Tair Aurmont, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee ▀▀▀ Writers: James Moore, Gregor Čavlović, Darius Garewal & Emilia Gyles Producer & Director: James Moore Additional Directing: Darius Garewal Presenters: Gregor Čavlović & Derek Muller Editor: Peter Nelson Additional Editing: James Stuart & Trenton Oliver Camera Operators: Rob Newman & Darius Garewal Animators: Emma Wright, Domonkos Józsa, Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet, Rokas Vikšraitis & Aleksandrs Loginovs Illustrator: Jakub Misiek Researchers: Darius Garewal & Gabe Strong Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Daniel Ellacott & Ben Powell Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh & Anna Milkovic Executive Producers: Gregor Čavlović, Emilia Gyles, Henry van Dyck & Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound & Sprach Zarathustra - Conducted by Philip Milman (https://pmmusic.pro/)


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How Does Jupiter Heat It's Moon?

How Jupiter heats its moon, just be stretching and squeezing it.


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The Scariest Chart In Engineering

Why is the Smith Chart one of the scariest charts in electrical engineering? We printed the largest one in the world to explain how it works and why it's so terrifying (to engineers at least).


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The Most Dangerous Escalator In Europe

In 2018 football fans were leaving a stadium in Rome. They boarded an escalator down to the metro. Suddenly the machine sprung a fault. Multiple safety systems were triggered. One after another. And then the final line failed. This is why.


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Settling A $10,000 Physics Bet

A UCLA Physics Professor bet me $10,000 that my video (https://youtu.be/jyQwgBAaBag) about going downwind faster than the wind was wrong. Here's how we proved it...


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We Took $10,000 From @mkbhd's Locked iPhone

There's a flaw in some virtual wallets. We exploited this flaw to steal $10,000 from @mkbhd. Watch the full video to find out how we did it...


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It's impossible to choose a number at random

In math you can't truly pick things at random because formulas always give the same result. So if we can't pick randomly, how do we select anything in math?


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Could identical twins commit the perfect crime?

The DNA in twins is (almost) exactly the same. So how could a team of forensic scientists tell which twin committed the crime? There is a way but it has some issues...


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Why does this place get the most Total Solar Eclipses?

What does an eclipse look like from the edge of space? We travelled to Spain for the 2026 total solar eclipse to find out. Sponsored by 80,000 Hours - Head to http://80000hours.org/veritasium to start planning a career that can help change the world for the better. By joining their newsletter, you’ll get a free copy of their in-depth career guide sent to your inbox. If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter To be in with a chance of getting a NASA sticker that went to the edge of space during the eclipse and for early access to work-in-progress videos, join our Patreon https://ve42.co/VePatreon Last year, we launched Elements of Truth on Kickstarter and were thrilled by the response. We’re now in the final stages of production, with Kickstarter rewards shipping soon. If you missed the campaign, you can now pre-order the retail edition through our new website here - https://ve42.co/YTDEcl If you backed us on Kickstarter, don’t worry, your game will ship before any pre-orders are fulfilled. ▀▀▀ ▀▀▀ Special thanks to the experts and collaborators who made this video possible: The Montana State University NASA Ballooning Team, for working with us on this video and for the incredible footage of the eclipse from the edge of space. Project Leads: Angela Des Jardins and Michael Walach Students: Ava Arbogast, Isabel Besel, Ryder Cole, Daniel Graves, Mari Greene, Mikael Savage, Gabriel Sova, Addison Zumwalt The Exploratorium Team, for providing their insights and footage from their livestream © The Exploratorium All rights reserved. Used and adapted with authorization. The Exploratorium® is a registered trademark of The Exploratorium®. http://www.exploratorium.edu Michael Kirk for taking the time to chat with us and sharing his expertise. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center for speaking with us and for sharing details of their WB-57 aircraft eclipse mission. The team at Astrum for their help and support on this video. We recommend you check out their video on how ESA’s Proba-3 mission uses satellites to create artificial eclipses in space and reveal the inner corona for the first time: We’ve Seen the Sun’s Inner Corona For the First Time... and It's Not What We Expected ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/EclipseReferences ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Hybrid Minds, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Sweet_Nemo, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Credits Writers: Emilia Gyles, Gregor Čavlović and Henry van Dyck, Producer and Director: Emilia Gyles, Gregor Čavlović and Henry van Dyck Presenter: Emilia Gyles, Gregor Čavlović and Henry van Dyck Editors: Peter Nelson and Trenton Oliver Assistant Editor: James Stuart Animators: Archie Crofton and Emma Wright Researchers: Sophia Rose, Aakash Singh Bagga, Shourya Shrivastava and Gabe Strong Camera Operators: Archie Crofton, Emilia Gyles, Gregor Čavlović, Henry van Dyck, James Stuart and Peter Nelson Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Daniel Ellacott & Ben Powell Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovic, Justin St Laurent and James Dowse Executive Producers: Emilia Gyles, Gregor Čavlović & Henry van Dyck


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How do submarines know where they are?

How does a submarine find its way 600m deep in the ocean? Surfacing is obviously the easiest way but not when you want to stay hidden. So how do a crew balance concealment and pathfinding?


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Can you actually swing from spider silk?

Can you really swing from spider silk? Sponsored by Henson Shaving - Head to https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and use code “veritasium” for 100 free blades with any razor purchase. Just add both the razor and blades to your cart. Last year, we launched the Elements of Truth game on Kickstarter and were thrilled by the response. We’re now in the final stages of production, with Kickstarter rewards shipping soon. Pre-order the retail edition here: https://ve42.co/YTSpiderSilk If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV For weekly science news, sign up to the Veritasium newsletter - https://ve42.co/Newsletter For early access to work-in-progress videos, join our Patreon - https://ve42.co/VePatreon ▀▀▀ 00:00 Could Spider Silk Let You Swing Like Spider-Man? 00:44 Is Spider Silk Really Stronger Than Steel? 02:29 Testing Spider Silk's Tensile Strength 03:48 The Strongest Silk on Earth 05:34 Spider Silk vs Kevlar vs Steel 07:37 The Nanostructure Behind Spider Silk's Strength 08:42 Why We Can't Farm Spiders 10:16 Engineering Fake Spider Silk 15:04 From the Silk Road to CRISPR 21:31 Real-World Uses and the Ultimate Swing Test ▀▀▀ Special thanks to the experts and collaborators who made this video possible: Professor Todd Blackledge and the Blackledge Spider Lab at the University of Akron, for welcoming us into the lab, walking us through how spiders make and use silk, and letting us put the real material to the test. Jon Rice and the team at Kraig Biocraft Laboratories, for opening their doors, sharing their transgenic silk, patiently explaining how their engineered silkworms work, and helping make the spider-silk swing possible. Professors Keiji Numata, Chris Holland, Sara Goodacre and Greg Holland, for generously sharing their time and expertise in our research conversations helping us understand the extraordinary diversity of spider silks, how they are spun, and how structure, water and chemistry shape their properties. Professors Ingi Agnarsson and Thomas Scheibel, for their guidance that helped sharpen our explanation. ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/SpiderSilkRefs ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Sweet_Nemo, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee ▀▀▀ Writers - Vibhor Pandey & Henry van Dyck Producer & Director - Vibhor Pandey & Henry van Dyck Presenters & Narration - Henry van Dyck & Derek Muller Editors- Trenton Oliver, Axel Oliver, James Stuart & George Reynolds Animators - Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet, Domonkos Józsa, Emma Wright & Fabio Albertelli Illustrator - Jakub Misiek Researchers - Aakash Singh Bagga, Gabe Strong & Sophia Rose Camera Operators: Henry van Dyck, Petr Lebedev, Casper Mebius and Ben Curtis-Dyck Thumbnail Designers - Abdallah Rabah, Daniel Ellacott & Ben Powell Production Team - Matthew Cavanagh, Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Josh Pitt, Luke Lewis, Anna Milkovic & Justin St-Laurent Executive Producers - Henry van Dyck, Emilia Gyles, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound


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The World's Heaviest Weight

How do you measure big forces accurately? By calibrating your force transducer on the world's biggest weight - 1,000,000 pounds of force. This machine ensures planes don't break apart, jets provide required thrust, and rockets make it to their destination.


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How much LSD should you give an elephant?

The hidden math that governs life. Sponsored by Brilliant - Try Brilliant for free, plus get 20% off an annual Premium subscription at https://brilliant.org/veritasium Last year, we launched the Elements of Truth game on Kickstarter and were thrilled by the response. We’re now in the final stages of production, with Kickstarter rewards shipping soon. Pre-order the retail edition here: https://elementsoftruth.game/ If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV For weekly science news, and an exclusive Q&A where Writer/Director Daniel Leonard discusses the making of this video, sign up to the Veritasium newsletter - https://ve42.co/Newsletter For early access to work in progress videos join our Patreon - https://ve42.co/VePatreon ▀▀▀ 0:00 How much LSD should you give an elephant? 3:09 Metabolic Rate In Animals 5:27 The Surface Law 8:04 What is Kleiber’s Law? 10:49 Why is ¼ everywhere in biology? 13:33 WBE Theory 19:53 Every animal has 1,000,000,000 heartbeats 23:11 Why Humans Live Longer 24:31 Is it better to live in a city or a small town? 30:12 Is there really a universal scaling exponent for life? ▀▀▀ Much of this video was inspired by Geoffrey West’s book: Scale. Check it out here - https://ve42.co/ScaleBook ▀▀▀ Special thanks to the experts who helped make this video possible: Brian Enquist, whose work helped inspire this video, for sharing the story behind WBE theory and helping us make its key assumptions and derivation more accurate. Van Savage, for the generous and detailed feedback that sharpened our explanation of WBE theory, self-similarity, and the current state of the field. Steven Strogatz, for the insightful conversations, on-camera contribution, and careful reviews that helped us keep the mathematics clear and the story scientifically honest. Peter Sheridan Dodds, for helping us understand the objections to WBE theory and the debate over three-quarter-power scaling. And the many other experts who discussed this topic with us as we were developing the script, for their invaluable contributions: Luis Bettencourt, Jayanth Banavar, Aaron Clauset, Juan Rubalcaba, and Douglas Glazier. ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/ScaleRefs ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Sweet_Nemo, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee ▀▀▀ Writers - Daniel Leonard, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller Producer & Director - Daniel Leonard Presenters & Narration - Derek Muller & Henry van Dyck Editors - Trenton Oliver, Axel Oliver & Jonny Lennard Assistant Editor - James Stuart Animators - Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet, Domonkos Józsa, Emma Wright & Fabio Albertelli Illustrators - Jakub Misiek & Raphael Aubry Simulations - Callum Cuttle & Aakash Singh Bagga Researchers - Aakash Singh Bagga, Callum Cuttle & Gabe Strong Thumbnail Designers - Abdallah Rabah & Daniel Ellacott Thumbnail Design Direction - Ben Powell Production Team - Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh, Luke Lewis, Anna Milkovic & Justin St-Laurent Executive Producers - Casper Mebius & Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound


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What happens to Schrödinger's cat?

Put a cat in a box with a radioactive atom. Add a radiation detector that triggers the release of poisonous cyanide gas. Schrödinger's thought experiment was supposed to be a criticism of quantum mechanics and is now one of it's best explainers. Here's why and what happens to the cat...


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Why Waves Travel Faster At The Top

Why do objects travel with waves? We're taught waves only transfer energy, not material, but objects wash ashore all the time. How does this work? #veritasium #science #physics


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The Scariest Chart In Electrical Engineering

Why is the Smith Chart one of the scariest charts in electrical engineering? Sponsored by Incogni - use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off your annual subscription. Last year, we launched the Elements of Truth game on Kickstarter and were thrilled by the response. We’re now in the final stages of production, with Kickstarter rewards shipping soon. Pre-order the retail edition here: https://elementsoftruth.game/ If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV For weekly science news, and an exclusive Q&A where Writer/Director Henry discusses the making of this video, sign up to the Veritasium newsletter - https://ve42.co/Newsletter For early access to work in progress videos join our Patreon https://ve42.co/VePatreon ▀▀▀ A big shout out to Imperial College London for letting us use their screened RF anechoic chamber. In particular, a massive thanks to Prof. Stepan Lucyszyn and Ian Rossuck for helping us set up the demos seen in this video. Also special thanks to Zach Star, Dr. Cynthia Furse, Dr James Nagel, and Ralph Gable for their invaluable expertise! Check out @zachstar 's video on the Smith Chart here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXWbdxOAuDs Check out @3blue1brown 's video to learn more about transformations and conformal maps: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldxFjLJ3rVY ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/SmithChartsRefs ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee ▀▀▀ Writer, Producer & Director: Henry van Dyck Presenter: Henry van Dyck Editors: Trenton Oliver, Axel Oliver & Peter Nelson Animators: Emma Wright, Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet & Fabio Albertelli Illustrator: Jakub Misiek Researchers: Darius Garewal & Gabe Strong Asst. Editors: James Stuart & Jonny Leonard Simulations: Darius Garewal & Henry van Dyck Camera/Drone Operator: Robert Newman Additional Writing: Darius Garewal Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah & Daniel Ellacott Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh, Luke Lewis & Anna Milkovic Executive Producers: Casper Mebius Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound


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The Google Interview Question Everyone Gets Wrong

The blender problem. Do you think you know the answer? Comment below!


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How does light 'know' the shortest path?

Light is the fastest thing in the universe. In order to be this fast it always needs to take the shortest path (as it's speed cannot change). So how does it always know what the shortest path is?


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