Making Gunpowder From Scratch

The earliest gunpowder recipe contains just 3 natural ingredients... The following demonstration was performed by professionals in a safe and controlled environment; do not attempt at home.


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Why you can't trust a test that's 99% accurate

What does it mean to get a positive result on a medical test? Chances are you might not actually have the disease...


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Why do deserts get cold at night?

The desert ground is blistering hot in the day but just a few hours after nightfall, it's freezing. Why does this happen?


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This Liquid Can Pass Through (Almost) Anything

The world’s coldest liquid is far stranger than you’d imagine. Sponsored by Ground News - Go to https://ground.news/Ve and subscribe to get 40% off the unlimited access Vantage Plan. Stay informed on breaking news and compare coverage from every angle. If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter Join our Patreon for a chance to get a NASA sticker that went to the edge of space during the eclipse and for early access to work-in-progress videos https://ve42.co/VePatreon Last year, we launched Elements of Truth on Kickstarter. We’re now in the final stages of production, and Kickstarter rewards are shipping soon. If you missed the campaign, you can now pre-order the retail edition through our new website here - https://ve42.co/YTDEcl If you backed us on Kickstarter, don’t worry, your game will ship before any pre-orders are fulfilled. ▀▀▀ Chapters: 0:00 The "Impossible" Liquid 1:59 The Race to Absolute Zero 6:33 Why Helium Seemed Impossible to Liquefy 15:04 The First Liquid Helium Ever Made 19:08 Can you make solid helium? 21:42 What is superconductivity? 28:41 Zero Viscosity and Superfluidity 36:15 What are Bose-Einstein condensates? 43:20 How Kapitsa Saved Landau From Prison 46:20 The Superfluid Fountain Powered by Light 47:46 Landau's Theory of Phonons 58:32 Why Helium (Almost) Never Freezes 1:01:58 The takeaway ▀▀▀ A big thank you to Prof. Dirk van Delft for his guidance and expertise on Onnes’ life and work. If you want to read more about it you can find the free PDF of his book “Freezing Physics” here: https://ve42.co/Freezing_physics A massive thank you to Prof. Martin Zwierlein for his enthusiasm and helping us get the specifics of superfluidity and BECs right. As well as a huge thank you to everyone who helped us understand the physics, the story, and provided valuable feedback on different parts of this video: Prof. Kostas Gavroglu, Dr. Philippe Lebrun, Prof. David Kaiser, Dr. John G Weisend II, Prof. Ad Maas, and Prof Robert Taylor. Then two more special thank-you’s: The first is to Rijksmuseum Boerhaave, for showing us around the archives and Onnes’ original equipment. You can check them out here: https://www.rijksmuseumboerhaave.nl/ And the second, of course, is to everyone at the Gravity Laboratory and Nottingham University who recreated all the experiments for us. Your efforts made this video possible. Dr. Chris Goodwin, thank you for your unrelenting support in helping us get the physics of superfluidity right. You can check out the gravity laboratory here: ve42.co/GravityLaboratory ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/SuperfluidsReferences ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Hybrid Minds, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Sweet_Nemo, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Credits: Writers: Casper Mebius & Derek Muller Producer and Director: Casper Mebius Presenters: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius Editors: Trenton Oliver, George Reynolds & Axel Oliver Assistant Editors: James Stuart & Peter Nelson Animators: Domonkos Jozsa, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli, Andrew Neet, Alex Drakoulis, Rokas Viksraitis & Mike Radjabov Illustrators: Jakub Misiek & Raphael Aubry Researchers: Sophia Rose, Gabe Strong and Fred Green Camera Operators: James Haslam, James Dann, Derek Muller, Raquel Muller, Casper Mebius, Stephen Foote, Gabe Strong & Sophia Rose Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ben Powell and Patryk Ziolkowski Production Team: Anna Milkovic, Glen Griffiths, Jess Bishop-Laggett & Matthew Cavanagh Executive Producers: Emilia Gyles, Derek Muller & Casper Mebius


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These ponds help support half the people on Earth

What are these electric blue ponds in the middle of the Utah desert? And why do they keep changing color?


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What happens if I lower this weight into the water?

Will the weighing scale underneath go up, down or stay the same?


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Why doesn't your heart get tired like other muscles do?

The secret to why your heart never gets tired...


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The Device Built to Prove Einstein Wrong

Can atomic clocks prove Einstein wrong? The biggest protection in the game! Go to https://NordVPN.com/veritasium and get an exclusive NordVPN deal + 4 extra months. It’s risk free with NordVPN’s 30-day money-back guarantee! If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter Huge thanks to NIST for their help making this video. Visit their website: https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division Join our Patreon for a chance to get a NASA sticker that went to the edge of space during the eclipse and for early access to work-in-progress videos https://ve42.co/VePatreon Last year, we launched Elements of Truth on Kickstarter and were thrilled by the response. We’re now in the final stages of production, and Kickstarter rewards are shipping soon. If you missed the campaign, you can now pre-order the retail edition through our new website here - https://ve42.co/YTDEcl If you backed us on Kickstarter, don’t worry, your game will ship before any pre-orders are fulfilled. ▀▀▀ 0:00 Does gravity obey the rules of quantum mechanics? 2:40 How does an atomic clock work? 6:06 Why Optical Atomic Clocks Are So Accurate 8:51 Using Lasers To Cool Atoms Down 13:47 Driving an atomic clock up a mountain 17:01 Linking Atomic Clocks Across 80 Kilometres 19:00 Flying an Atomic Clock in a Helicopter 25:11 How Do You Measure the Frequency of Light? 28:40 Optical Frequency Combs 30:42 Is Einstein Still Right? ▀▀▀ With special thanks to the experts and collaborators who made this video possible: In order of appearance, Prof. Jonathan Oppenheim (University College London), Greg Hoth (NIST), Dr. Andrew Ludlow (NIST), Dr. Laura Sinclair (NIST), Dr. Harikesh Ranganath (NIST), Lilani Toms-Hardman (University of Western Australia), Prof. Sascha Schediwy (University of Western Australia), Dr Sabrina Slimani (University of Western Australia), Dr Benjamin Dix-Matthews (University of Western Australia). The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the University of Denver and the Meyer-Womble Observatory, the University of Western Australia and the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, RIKEN and the University of Tokyo. In addition, to the Precision Measurement Group (PMG) in the Institute for Photonics, Advanced Sensing and Quantum Technologies (IPAS-QT) at Adelaide University who provided the two portable atomic clocks used in the UWA test. https://ve42.co/AdelaideUniversityPrecisionMeasurementGroup In the production of this video, Rebecca Jacobson, Dr. Emily Caldwell, Dr. Kyle Latty (NIST), Nicholas Kurth, University of Colorado (Boulder), Dr. Bryn Crawford (Adelaide University), Prof. Hidetoshi Katori, A/Prof. Kai Suekane, Dr. Shota Yo and Dr. Hiutat Yang (RIKEN & University of Tokyo). In additional research and review, Prof. David Kaiser (MIT), Prof. Scott Diddams (University of Colorado Boulder), Prof. Claudia de Rham (Imperial College London), Prof. Steven Cundiff (University of Michigan) and Dr. Derek van Westrum (NOAA National Geodetic Survey). For their support with archive footage, the NIST Archive, Prof. Jun Ye (NIST/JILA) and Brent Doerzman. ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/AtomicClockReferences For more information on the dipole trap: https://ve42.co/HBDDipole MIT Open Access Course: https://ve42.co/FreeLecturesHere ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Hybrid Minds, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Sweet_Nemo, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee, Burt Humburg, Sanome, Ulf Hermjakob ▀▀▀ Credits Writers: Sarah Houlton, Gregor Čavlović, Emilia Gyles Producer and Director: Sarah Houlton Presenters: Gregor Čavlović and Emilia Gyles Editor: Peter Nelson Additional Editing: James Stuart and Trenton Oliver Animators: Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet, Domonkos Józsa, Emma Wright and Fabio Albertelli Researchers: Sophia Rose and Gabe Strong Camera Operators: James Chance, Jesse Bartlett, Sarah Houlton, Gregor Čavlović and Emilia Gyles Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Daniel Ellacott and Jakub Misiek Production Team: Anna Milkovic, Glen Griffiths, Jess Bishop-Laggett, Matthew Cavanagh Executive Producers: Gregor Čavlović, Emilia Gyles and Derek Muller


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Is there something faster than light?

The experiment that broke relativity. How an argument between Einstein and Bohr changed quantum mechanics forever.


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When you lose weight where does it go?

What does it mean to lose weight? When you work out or eat less your overall size decreases. So where does this mass go?


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The Technology that Made the Internet Possible

Why making glass fibers to send signals was almost impossible. Sponsored by Saily - 🌎 Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily data plans! Download Saily app go to https://saily.com/veritasium Use code veritasium at checkout ⛵ If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV For the latest science news, and for an exclusive bonus Q&A with Sulli, the director of this video, sign up to the Veritasium newsletter - https://ve42.co/VeMail_FO For early access to work in progress videos join our patreon https://ve42.co/VePatreon ▀▀▀ 0:00 What are fiber optics? 2:02 Why Copper Phone Lines Had Limited Capacity 5:13 Trying To Go From Copper Communication To Glass 8:15 Why is glass so ‘lossy’? 11:29 Scattering and Absorption 16:00 How can you remove impurities in glass? 19:00 How They Make Fiber Optic Glass 26:47 The Technology that Made the Internet Possible ▀▀▀ Special thanks to the experts and collaborators who made this video possible: Dr. Donald Keck Prof. Vincent Chan Sir David Payne Dr. Nikola Alic Jim Hayes Jeff Hecht, whose book City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics was an invaluable resource for this video (explore his work at https://www.jeffhecht.com). Manuel (https://www.youtube.com/@DiffractionLimited) Trulala CANDY Chef (https://www.youtube.com/@TrulalaCANDYChef) Additional thanks to: ROSENDAHL NEXTROM for providing animations and fiber manufacturing 3D assets. Bay Area Glass Institute for hosting our team. Prysmian for giving us a guided tour of their fiber manufacturing plant, and our two on screen experts: Sujeet Rao, Operational Excellence Fiber Director and Jon Fitz, Technical Sales Support Sr. Manager. ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/FiberRefs Note: The skin effect explanation is simplified. The full analysis involves the eddy currents' own magnetic fields, which induce further currents, and so on. Here’s an article on the same: https://ve42.co/SkinEffectDerivation ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Patreon mp22, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Steven, Sweet_Nemo, Tair Aurmont, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee ▀▀▀ Credits Writers: Sulli Yost, Henry van Dyck Producer and Director: Sulli Yost Presenter: Henry van Dyck Editors: George Reynolds, Trenton Oliver and Axel Oliver Assistant Editor: James Stuart Illustrators: Jakub Misiek, Raphael Aubry, Thomas Brizard and Emma Wright Animators: Aleksandrs Loginovs, Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet, Andrew Wernette, Domonkos Józsa, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli, Rokas Viksraitis and Sulli Yost Researchers: Aakash Singh Bagga, Sophia Rose, Callum Cuttle and Gabe Strong Camera Operators: Sulli Yost, Aaron Zhizhin, Emilia Gyles and Jesse Chandler Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Daniel Ellacott Production Team: Anna Milkovic, Glen Griffiths, Jess Bishop-Laggett, Matthew Cavanagh Executive Producers: Derek Muller, Emilia Gyles and Henry van Dyck


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What is edge dislocation?

We demonstrated a crystal lattice of atoms using bubbles.


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How Dangerous Are Non-Stick Pans?

What happens to your body if you eat Teflon from a non-stick pan? #pfas #foreverchemicals


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What happens to these balloons when you open the valve?

Take a balloon and fill it with lots of air. Take another one and fill it with less air. Now connect the two via a valve. What do you think will happen when you open the valve?


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The Most Important Decryption Machine Ever Built

How was the "unbreakable" enigma cracked? Sponsored by Incogni - use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off your annual subscription. If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV For the latest science news, and for an exclusive bonus Q&A with the director of this video, sign up to the Veritasium newsletter - https://ve42.co/Newsletter For early access to work in progress videos join our patreon https://ve42.co/VePatreon ▀▀▀ 0:00 Who invented Enigma? 4:16 How did Enigma work? 10:51 The Secret Spy Mansion 13:10 The First Codebreakers Who Broke Enigma 16:45 Trying To Decrypt An Enigma Message 22:35 Who was Alan Turing? 26:30 How Enigma’s Flaws Were Exploited 34:27 Breaking Enigma - The Bombe 41:39 The Naval Enigma 44:35 What did Alan Turing do after Bletchley Park? ▀▀▀ A huge thanks out to Sir Dermot Turing, Jonah Weinbaum, Andrew Fryer, John Pickles, Peter Hoath, Robert Dowell and all of the experts at Bletchley Park & The National Museum of Computing that helped make this video possible! Shout out to Jared Owen for letting us use his 3D model of the Enigma machine! Check out his amazing video: https://youtu.be/ybkkiGtJmkM?si=fNtZF6StWhiIxRtB Bletchley Park is a museum and heritage attraction open daily to visitors. To plan your visit and book tickets, head to: https://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/plan-a-visit/ The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park is an independent charity housing working historic machines. Plan your visit here: https://www.tnmoc.org/plan-your-visit ▀▀▀ Can you decrypt this unbroken Naval Enigma message? Let us know in the comments! JCRSAJTGSJEYEXYKKZZSHVUOCTRFRCRPFVYPLKPPLGRHVVBBTBRSXSWXGGTYTVKQNGSCHVGF Universal Enigma simulator by Daniel Palloks: https://ve42.co/EnigmaSim ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/BletchleyRefs Visual References: https://ve42.co/BletchleyVisRefs ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Patreon mp22, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Steven, Sweet_Nemo, Tair Aurmont, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee ▀▀▀ Writers: James Moore, Gregor Čavlović, Darius Garewal & Emilia Gyles Producer & Director: James Moore Additional Directing: Darius Garewal Presenters: Gregor Čavlović & Derek Muller Editor: Peter Nelson Additional Editing: James Stuart & Trenton Oliver Camera Operators: Rob Newman & Darius Garewal Animators: Emma Wright, Domonkos Józsa, Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet, Rokas Vikšraitis & Aleksandrs Loginovs Illustrator: Jakub Misiek Researchers: Darius Garewal & Gabe Strong Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Daniel Ellacott & Ben Powell Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh & Anna Milkovic Executive Producers: Gregor Čavlović, Emilia Gyles, Henry van Dyck & Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound & Sprach Zarathustra - Conducted by Philip Milman (https://pmmusic.pro/)


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How Does Jupiter Heat It's Moon?

How Jupiter heats its moon, just be stretching and squeezing it.


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The Scariest Chart In Engineering

Why is the Smith Chart one of the scariest charts in electrical engineering? We printed the largest one in the world to explain how it works and why it's so terrifying (to engineers at least).


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The Most Dangerous Escalator In Europe

In 2018 football fans were leaving a stadium in Rome. They boarded an escalator down to the metro. Suddenly the machine sprung a fault. Multiple safety systems were triggered. One after another. And then the final line failed. This is why.


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Settling A $10,000 Physics Bet

A UCLA Physics Professor bet me $10,000 that my video (https://youtu.be/jyQwgBAaBag) about going downwind faster than the wind was wrong. Here's how we proved it...


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We Took $10,000 From @mkbhd's Locked iPhone

There's a flaw in some virtual wallets. We exploited this flaw to steal $10,000 from @mkbhd. Watch the full video to find out how we did it...


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