SciShow: The Genetic Code Sucks. Let’s Do Better

Teacher or professor: SciShow
Subject: Science
Content of the Lesson: Your genetic code is neat, but could be better! Hosted by: Hank Green SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org ---------- Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever: Chris Peters, Matt Curls, Kevin Bealer, Jeffrey Mckishen, Jacob, Christopher R Boucher, Nazara, charles george, Christoph Schwanke, Ash, Silas Emrys, KatieMarie Magnone, Eric Jensen, Adam Brainard, Piya Shedden, Alex Hackman, James Knight, GrowingViolet, Sam Lutfi, Alisa Sherbow, Jason A Saslow, Dr. Melvin Sanicas ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow ---------- Sources: Mukai et al. 2017 “Rewriting the Genetic Code” https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093247 Chin 2014 “Expanding and Reprogramming the Genetic Code of Cells and Animals” https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060713-035737 https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/mhccbiology112/chapter/the-genetic-code/ Khan Academy “Intro to gene expression (central dogma)” https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/a/intro-to-gene-expression-central-dogma el-Showk 2014 “The Language of DNA” https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/accumulating-glitches/the_language_of_dna/ D’Onofrio and Abel 2014 “Redundancy of the genetic code enables translational pausing” https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2014.00140/full Spencer and Barral 2012 “Genetic code redundancy and its influence on the encoded polypeptides” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962081/ Duton 1983 “The significance of redundancy in the genetic code” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022519383903880 Sleiman et al. 2021 “A third purine biosynthetic pathway encoded by aminoadenine-based viral DNA genomes” https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6541/516 Bain et al. 1992 “Ribosome-mediated incorporation of a non-standard amino acid into a peptide through expansion of the genetic code” https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ribosome-mediated-incorporation-of-a-non-standard-a-Bain-Switzer/a011e43038dd85ec8da081e59d73a6f0d8bd5164 Zhang et al. 2017 “A semisynthetic organism engineered for the stable expansion of the genetic alphabet” https://www.pnas.org/content/114/6/1317 Hoshika et al. 2019 “Hachimoji DNA and RNA: A genetic system with eight building blocks” https://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6429/884 Ernst et al. 2016 “Genetic code expansion in the mouse brain” https://www.nature.com/articles/nchembio.2160 Robertson et al. 2021 “Sense codon reassignment enables viral resistance and encoded polymer synthesis” https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6546/1057 Bethencourt 2009 “Virus stalls Genzyme plant” https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt0809-681a Jason Chin: "Reprogramming the genetic code" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gOImG7I5ek&t=520s https://groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-D/degenerate_code.html#:~:text=Biology%20Glossary%20search%20by%20EverythingBio,by%20more%20than%20one%20codon. https://www.britannica.com/science/amino-acid IMAGES https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/young-woman-with-laughing-corgi-puppy-nature-background-gm1276788283-376188457 https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/science-genetics-and-technology-concept---3d-rendering-of-virtual-dna-molecule-over-black-background-h-zbusytxxjibz13f2 https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/laboratory-gm509610029-46561694 https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/escherichia-coli-gm171590398-22294511 https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/abstract-molecular-background-vp3exyppeim0ij5a3 https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/microscopic-visualization-of-plasma-cells-rlbdn1vxxiwd79x8w https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/tech-abstract-data-background-gm1292297534-387145671 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aminoacids_table.svg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/3d-animation-with-plexus-effects-dots-and-lines-connected-with-extremely-shallow-depth-of-field-rnl1qudgokkolwgwt https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/amino-acids/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding#/media/File:Protein_folding.png https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/dna-strand-is-assembled-from-different-elements-3d-animation-rh61ojwa7joe97ze8 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amino_Acids-wide.svg https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/dolly-right-laboratory-tech-looking-for-coronavirus-vaccine-szul9mgvuk8f7nkm2 https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/abstract-dna-code-background-gm531369959-55462516


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